literaturcorner.com“Saya seorang mayoritas yang tidak tahu malu.Saya pikir preseden yang paling buruk untuk menyelesaikan perselisihan dalam masyarakat…adalah membiarkan angka-angkanya diperhitungkan. Lebih banyak suara harus mengalahkan lebih sedikit suara dalam hal keputusan kebijakan sosial yang sulit dan kontroversial, bahkan tentang hak”
– James Allan-
John Locke dalam tulisannya Second Treatise of Government mengatakan bahwa demokrasi meupakah seluruh kekuatan komunitas yang secara alami di dalamnya, dapat menggunakan semua kekautan itu dalam membuat undang-undang untuk komunitas. pendapat dari John Locke tentang sistem ketatanegaraan di Indonesia dapat dikatakan bahwa demokrasi merupakan kekuatan partai politik untuk menguasai negara, dan kekuatan tersebut dapat digunakan untuk membuat undang-undang untuk komunitasnya sendiri.
Konstitusi yang telah menjamin keikutsertaan partai politik didalam UUD 1945 Pasal 6A ayat (2) yang berbunyi “Pasangan calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden diusulkan oleh partai politik atau gabungan partai politik peserta pemilihan umum sebelum pelaksanaan pemilihan umum.” Pasal ini lah yang menyatakan hanya partai politik dan gabungan partai politik peserta pemilu yang dapat mengusulkan paslon presiden dan wakil presiden. Sehingga pemilihan Presiden harus menjadi hak yang dipenuhi.
Namun dalam pasal 222 Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum disebutkan, pasangan calon diusulkan oleh partai politik atau gabungan partai politik peserta pemilu yang memenuhi persyaratan perolehan kursi paling sedikit 20 persen dari jumlah kursi DPR atau memperoleh 25 persen dari suara sah secara nasional pada pemilu anggota DPR sebelumnya. Kekhawatiran pembentukan sistem demokrasi elit bisa saja dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem Presidensial Tresholt (PT) yang berangkat dari adanya pencapainn keputusan antara Presiden dan legislatif yang sulit menjadi dasar utama, sehingga dengan adanya PT dapat membentuk koalisi partai dominan didalam parlemen untuk memperlancar pengambilan keputusan dengan Presiden.
Teori politik dalam tradisi dominan menyangkal sebuah tren demokrasi dengan menciptakan tradisi “demokrasi elit” pada abad kedua puluh oleh Schumpeter tetapi dengan akar yang setidaknya berasal dari Federalist Paper, bahwa pemerintahan dengan perwakilan merupakan bentuk pemerintahan elit yang dapat didamaikan dengan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi. Dalam pengertian demokrasi elit, warga negara dapat menyelenggarakan agensi yang berarti dan memoderasi kekuasaan elit dengan pemilu yang bebas.
Dengan metode ini, demokrasi elit memberikan usulan bahwa pemerintahan perwakilan berbeda dari oligarki, yang dalam arti luas dipahami merupakan aturan segelintir orang demi kepentingan pribadi, selayaknya yang disampaikan oleh Aristoteles. Dalam hal ini Amerika Serikat menjadi contoh fungsional demokrasi elit. Contohnya pada praktik di negara Hungaria dan Polandia, pemerintah terpilih dengan bergegas melakukan rangkaian perubahan terhadap hukum dan kelembagaan yang secara bersamaan menurunkan persaingan pemilihan, melemahkan hak-hak kebebasan partisipasi demokratis, dan mengebiri stabilitas dan prediktabilitas hukum. Di Polandia, pada pemilihan tahun 2015 memenangkan partai Law and Justice Party dalam pemilihan Presiden maupun Parlemen.
Inilah yang menjadi permasalahan ketika suatu komunitas memegang penuh kendali dalam suatu pemerintahan (Negara) akan mengakibatkan kemunduran suatu demokrasi yang kontitusional. Kemunduran demokrasi konstitusional merupakan suatu hal yang dilakukan oleh suatu komunitas (kaum elit) dalam merumuskan peraturan untuk kepentingan mereka sendiri. (kepentingan mereka di atas kepentingan masayarakat lain) Seperti yang diketahui bahwa terdapat lima mekanimse yang menyebabkan constitutional retrogression yaitu; 1) Amandemen Konstitusi, 2) Mengurangi efektivitas check and balances, 3) sentralisasi dan politisasi kekuasaan eksekutif, 4) meminimalisi partisipasi kontrol oleh publik, 5) eliminasi kompetisi politik.
Maka dari itu Perlu adanya pembangunan hukum yang pada prinsipnya harus disusun dalam sebuah kerangka utama strategi politik. Dalam strategi politik penyusunan kerangka utama tersebut harus berdasarkan pancasila dan UUD 1945. Hadirnya Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) harusnya menjadi interpretasi the guardian of constitution yang memiliki peran penting dan strategis dalam menentukan konsistusionalitas suatu norma hukum yang ada. Namun pada kenyataannya keterlibatan mayoritas politik menjadi penyebab utama dalam mempengaruhi putusan hakim Mk dalam menguji konstitusionalitas suatu Undang-undang yang lahir.
Prosesi pesta demokrasi yang terwujud dalam kontestasi pemilu di Indonesia setiap lima tahun sekali perlu menjadi sarana pembangunan yang sesuai dengan tujuan negara Indonesia tanpa mengurangi hak partai politik. Atau perlu adanya suatu reformulasi yang disesuaikan dengan terpenuhinya hak partai politik, salah satunya dengan penurunan angka PT dalam parameter yang menjamin setiap partai politik dapat ikut serta kontestasi pemilu Presiden.
Oleh: Rajab Ahirullah
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