literaturcorner.com – Hadist Arba’in An-Nawawiyah:
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللهُ تَعَالَى عَنْهُ أَنَّ رَسُوْلَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: مَنْ كَانَ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللهِ وَاليَوْمِ الآخِرِ فَلْيَقُلْ خَيْراً أَوْ لِيَصْمُتْ، وَمَنْ كَانَ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللهِ وَاليَوْمِ الآخِرِ فَلْيُكْرِمْ جَارَهُ، وَمَنْ كَانَ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللهِ وَاليَوْمِ الآخِرِ فَلْيُكْرِمْ ضَيْفَهُ.
رَوَاهُ البُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ.
Dari Abu Huroiroh r.a, menjelaskan bahwa Rasulullah saw. bersabda, “barangsiapa beriman kepada Allah dan hari akhir, hendaklah berkata baik atau diam; barangsiapa beriman kepada Allah dan hari akhir, hendaklah menghormati tetangganya; dan barangsiapa beriman kepada Allah dan hari akhir, hendaklah menghormati tamunya.” (HR. Bukhori dan Muslim)
Dalam hadist di atas ada beberapa makna yang sangat berarti bagi kehidupan kita sehari-hari, yang mungkin masih belum bisa kita aplikasikan dalam bentuk yang nyata, dengan sebab masih belum mengerti makna hadits di atas, atau bisa juga belum pernah mempelajarinya sama sekali.
Hadist di atas diambil dari kitab Hadist Arba’in An-Nawawiyah, yang dikarang oleh Abu Zakaria bin Syaraf an-Nawawi, merupakan ulama besar asal Damaskus. Beliau lahir di sebuah tempat bernama Nawa pada 631 H. Ulama yang akrab disebut dengan Imam.
Hadist nomer 15 ini, menjelaskan tentang “berkata yang baik, memuliakan tamu dan tetangga”, dalam ilmu fiqh ucapan itu sama dengan tulisan, bahkan ucapan itu sama dengan syariat. Sebelum teralu jauh dari tema, ada yang harus kita pahami lagi unsur-unsur dalam berkata yang baik atau lebih baik diam. Pertama, ketidaktahuan pada sesuatu yang salah. Kedua, mengandung unsur tidak benar (hoaks). Dan ketiga, berlebihan.
Dasar keimanan seseorang bisa dijadikan dorongan untuk diam atau berbicara, artinya iman dan taqwa kita bisa dijadikan pondasi utama dalam menata berbicara yang penting-penting saja atau lebih baik diam. Tips agar kita mengurangi berbicara adalah memperbanyak dzikir dari pada berbicara yang tidak ada faedahnya, berdzikir dimanapun tempat bisa kita lakukan meskipun itu di dalam kamar mandi, dengan catatan berdzikir (di dalam hati).
Faedah yang kedua, “menghormati tetangga”. Dalam hukum fiqh sendiri pengertian tetangga
Menurut Ulama Syafi’iyah dan Hambali berpendapat bahwa yang menjadi tetangga adalah 40 rumah dari segala arah (depan, belakang, kanan dan kiri).
Yang masing-masing membawa keberkahan, di sisi lain ada banyak macam tetangga, (1) ada tetangga yang disebut kerabat, (2) ada tetangga orang lain, (3) ada tetangga orang muslim, (4) dan qhoiru muslim.
Memuliakan tetangga, kita bisa melakukan sebagaimana saran dari Imam Al-Ghazali; menjenguk tetangga yang sakit, mengucapkan selamat pada tetangga jika mereka mendapati kebahagiaan, dan meminta maaf jika berbuat salah
Adapun sejatinya manusia yang mulia adalah manusia yang bisa memuliakan sesama manusia, dengan cara menghormati, bisa dilakukan dengan cara pertama yakni ‘menahan untuk tidak menyakiti’ artinya; apapun yang telah dilakukan oleh tetangga kita pada keluarga kita, menyakitkan atau tidak, usahakan kita tidak mempunyai niat untuk membalasnya atau mempunyai rasa dendam.
Kalau kita menemukan tetangga seperti itu alangkah baiknya kita tidak membalasnya dengan kejelakan/dendam. Tapi, balaslah dengan penuh kebaikan dan keikhlasan. “Berbuat baik pada orang yang berbuat buruk pada kita.”
Berbagi atau simpati; hidup dalam keramain tidak akan lepas dari peran tetangga satu dengan yang lainnya, saling menghormati, saling berbagi, saling memperhatikan. Dengan begitu, rasa dan kepedulian antar sesama akan terlihat harmonis. “Ta’awun” saling tolong menolong.
Makna tetangga, juga bisa kita artikan sama dengan teman sekerja atau sama-sama pernah ketemu di suatu tempat. Itu juga bisa disebut sebagai tetangga.
Faedah yang terakhir “memuliakan tamu.” Sering kita bertamu pada kiai atau guru tapi belum tentu kita pernah menjadi tuan rumah untuk melayani tamu. Dengan begitu sebaiknya memperhatikan apa saja yang perlu kita lakukan ketika tamu datang ke kediaman kita. Salah satu adab yang disebutkan dalam kitab Ihya’ Ulum Ad-Diin karya Imam Al-Ghazali; adab keempat: Janganlah seseorang mengatakan pada tamunya, “mau tidak saya menyajikan engkau makanan?” Akan tetapi yang tepat, tuan rumah pokoknya menyajikan apa yang ia punya.
Ukuran untuk sebutan tamu sendiri dalam fiqh sudah dijelaskan yakni 3 hari, kalau lebih dari itu namanya bukan tamu. Tapi, sedekah. Jadi, kalau ada teman jauh kita datang ke rumah kita dalam jangka waktu lebih dari 3 hari, disebut sedekah.
Orang yang bertamu harus tau diri, artinya perilaku dan tata krama saat bertamu juga harus kita jaga, disisi lain ajang silaturahmi sesama tetangga kita juga harus tau, bahwa sesungguhnya bertamu juga memperbanyak rezeki kita.
.
Referensi: Pengajian kitab Arba’in An-Nawawiyah, oleh Dr. Imam Bukhori, M.Pd
Sumber : Hadits Arbain no.15
(Baca juga Hobiku Berdosa)
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